The Physics Hypertextbook

Written by: Glenn Elert (Midwood High School at Brooklyn College

The Physics Hypertextbook is a free online first-year physics textbook by Glenn Elert. Along with the hyper-linked textbook, the site has a fun this day in the news section with a daily list of significant events in the world of physics.

Elert is a faculty member at Midwood High School at Brooklyn College. He was one of 200 educators chosen to be part of NASA’s Network of Educator Astronaut Teachers. He teaches physics to 11th and 12 graders and is the coordinator for the Midwood Science Research program which prepares students for college level research in all disciplines of science.

The Physics Hypertextbook might be a good place for high school and college students to look for help in their studies.

Each section of the textbook is further divided into a discussion, summary, practice problems, problems to exercise your mind and resources.

Table of Contents The Physics Hypertextbook

1. Mechanics
1.1. Kinematics
1.1.1. Motion
1.1.2. Distance & Displacement
1.1.3. Speed & Velocity
1.1.4. Acceleration
1.1.5. Equations of Motion
1.1.6. Falling Bodies
1.1.7. Graphs of Motion
1.1.8. Kinematics & Calculus
1.1.9. Kinematics in Two Dimensions
1.1.10. Projectiles
1.1.11. Parametric Equations
1.2. Dynamics I: Force
1.2.1. Forces
1.2.2. Force & Mass
1.2.3. Action-Reaction
1.2.4. Weight
1.2.5. Friction
1.2.6. Equilibrium
1.2.7. Forces in Two Dimensions
1.2.8. Centripetal Force
1.2.9. Frames of Reference
1.3. Energy
1.3.1. Work
1.3.2. Energy
1.3.3. Kinetic Energy
1.3.4. Potential Energy
1.3.5. Conservation of Energy
1.3.6. Power
1.3.7. Simple Machines
1.4. Dynamics II: Momentum
1.4.1. Impulse & Momentum
1.4.2. Conservation of Momentum
1.4.3. Momentum & Energy
1.4.4. Momentum in Two Dimensions
1.5. Rotational Motion
1.5.1. Rotational Kinematics
1.5.2. Rotational Inertia
1.5.3. Rotational Dynamics
1.5.4. Rotational Equilibrium
1.5.5. Angular Momentum
1.5.6. Rotational Energy
1.5.7. Rolling
1.5.8. Rotation in Two Dimensions
1.5.9. Coriolis Force
1.6. Planetary Motion
1.6.1. Geocentrism
1.6.2. Heliocentrism
1.6.3. Universal Gravitation
1.6.4. Orbital Mechanics I
1.6.5. Gravitational Potential Energy
1.6.6. Orbital Mechanics II
1.6.7. Gravity of Extended Bodies
1.7. Periodic Motion
1.7.1. Springs
1.7.2. Simple Harmonic Oscillator
1.7.3. Pendulums
1.7.4. Resonance
1.7.5. Elasticity
1.8. Fluids
1.8.1. Density
1.8.2. Pressure
1.8.3. Buoyancy
1.8.4. Fluid Flow
1.8.5. Viscosity
1.8.6. Aerodynamic Drag
1.8.7. Flow Regimes
2. Thermal Physics
2.1. Heat & Temperature
2.1.1. Temperature
2.1.2. Thermal Expansion
2.1.3. The Atomic Nature of Matter
2.1.4. Gas Laws
2.1.5. Kinetic-Molecular Theory
2.1.6. Phases
2.2. Calorimetry
2.2.1. Sensible Heat
2.2.2. Latent Heat
2.2.3. Chemical Potential Energy
2.3. Heat Transfer
2.3.1. Conduction
2.3.2. Convection
2.3.3 Radiation
2.4. Thermodynamics
2.4.1. Heat & Work
2.4.2. Pressure-Volume Diagrams
2.4.3. Engines
2.4.4. Refrigerators
2.4.5. Energy & Entropy
2.4.6. Absolute Zero
3. Waves & Optics
3.1. Wave Phenomena
3.1.1. The Nature of Waves
3.1.2. Interference & Superposition
3.1.3. Interfaces & Barriers
3.2. Sound
3.2.1. The Nature of Sound
3.2.2. Intensity
3.2.3. Doppler Effect (Sound)
3.2.4. Shock Waves
3.2.5. Diffraction & Interference (Sound)
3.2.6. Standing Waves
3.2.7. Beats
3.2.8. Music & Noise
3.3. Physical Optics
3.3.1. The Nature of Light
3.3.2. Polarization
3.3.3. Doppler Effect (Light)
3.3.4. Cerenkov Radiation
3.3.5. Diffraction & Interference (Light)
3.3.6. Thin Film Interference
3.3.7. Color
3.4. Geometric Optics
3.4.1. Reflection
3.4.2. Refraction
3.4.3. Spherical Mirrors
3.4.4. Spherical Lenses
3.4.5. Aberration
4. Electricity & Magnetism
4.1. Electrostatics
4.1.1. Electric Charge
4.1.2. Coulomb’s Law
4.1.3. Electric Field
4.1.4. Electric Potential
4.1.5. Gauss’s Law
4.1.6. Conductors
4.2. Electrostatic Applications
4.2.1. Capacitors
4.2.2. Dielectrics
4.2.3. Batteries
4.3. Electric Current
4.3.1. Electric Current
4.3.2. Electric Resistance
4.3.3. Electric Power
4.4. DC Circuits
4.4.1. Resistors in Circuits
4.4.2. Batteries in Circuits
4.4.3. Capacitors in Circuits
4.4.4. Kirchhoff’s Rules
4.5. Magnetostatics
4.5.1. Magnetism
4.5.2. Electromagnetism
4.5.3. Ampère’s Law
4.5.4. Magnetic Force
4.6. Magnetodynamics
4.6.1. Electromagnetic Induction
4.6.2. Faraday’s Law
4.6.3. Lenz’ Law
4.6.4. Inductance
4.7. AC Circuits
4.7.1. Alternating Current
4.7.2. RC Circuits
4.7.3. RL Circuits
4.7.4. LC Circuits
4.8. Electromagnetic Waves
4.8.1. Maxwell’s Equations
4.8.2. Electromagnetic Waves
4.8.3. Electromagnetic Spectrum
5. Modern Physics
5.1. Relativity
5.1.1. Space-Time
5.1.2. Mass-Energy
5.1.3. General Relativity
5.2. Quanta
5.2.1. Blackbody Radiation
5.2.2. Photoelectric Effect
5.2.3. X‑rays
5.2.4. Antimatter
5.3. Wave Mechanics
5.3.1. Matter Waves
5.3.2. Atomic Models
5.3.3. Semiconductors
5.3.4. Condensed Matter
5.4. Nuclear Physics
5.4.1. Isotopes
5.4.2. Radioactive Decay
5.4.3. Half Life
5.4.4. Binding Energy
5.4.5. Fission
5.4.6. Fusion
5.4.7. Nucleosynthesis
5.4.8. Nuclear Weapons
5.4.9. Radiobiology
5.5. Particle Physics
5.5.1. Quantum Electrodynamics
5.5.2. Quantum Chromodynamics
5.5.3. Quantum Flavordynamics
5.5.4. The Standard Model
5.5.5. Beyond the Standard Model
6. Foundations
6.1. Units
6.1.1. International System of Units
6.1.2. Gaussian System of Units
6.1.3. British-American System of Units
6.1.4. Miscellaneous Units
6.1.5. Time
6.1.6. Unit Conversion
6.2. Measurement
6.2.1. Significant Digits
6.2.2. Orders of Magnitude
6.3. Graphs
6.3.1. Graphical Representation of Data
6.3.2. Linear Regression
6.3.3. Curve Fitting
6.3.4. Calculus
6.4. Vectors
6.4.1. Trigonometry
6.4.2. Vector Addition & Subtraction
6.4.3. Vector Resolution & Components
6.4.4. Vector Multiplication
6.5. Reference
6.5.1. Special Symbols
6.5.2. Frequently Used Equations
6.5.3. Physical Constants
6.5.4. Astronomical Data
6.5.5. Periodic Table of the Elements
6.5.6. People in Physics
   

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The Physics Hypertextbook

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